Electrochemical degradation has emerged as an effective and environmentally sustainable strategy for removing persistent toxic industrial chemicals from contaminated water. This mini-review summarizes recent advances in electrochemical advanced oxidation and reduction processes for degrading aromatic amines, nitroaromatics, phenols, chlorophenols, dyes, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, heterocyclic pollutants, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The review discusses the fundamental degradation mechanisms involving direct electron transfer and indirect oxidation through reactive oxygen species, including hydroxyl, sulfate, and chlorine radicals, alongside cathodic reduction pathways. Particular emphasis is placed on the influence of electrode materials, including boron-doped diamond, PbO₂, SnO₂–Sb, mixed metal oxides, and carbon-based electrodes, as well as reactor configurations that determine treatment efficiency and energy consumption. Critical operational parameters, analytical techniques for identifying transformation products, environmental safety concerns, and hybrid treatment strategies are also examined. Finally, current challenges related to electrode durability, energy demand, by-product toxicity, and industrial-scale implementation are discussed, highlighting future opportunities for developing cost-effective, energy-efficient, and sustainable electrochemical wastewater treatment technologies.
Keywords: Electrochemical degradation, Advanced oxidation processes, Toxic industrial chemicals, Electrode materials, Wastewater treatment, Reactive oxygen species